Blog

  • Crohn’s Disease

    Crohn’s disease:  This inflammatory disorder
    can affect any part of the GI tract (usually the terminal ileum), extending
    through all layers of the intestinal wall.  Crohn’s disease may also
    involve regional llymph nodes and the mesentery.

    The cause of Crohn’s disease is not known, possible causes are; allergies,
    immune disorders, lymphatic obstruction, genetic factors and infections.

     



    Symptoms:  Varies according to location and the extent
    of inflammation .

    Acute:

    Right lower quadrant pain

    Cramping

    Tenderness

    Flatulence

    Nausea

    Fever

    Bleeding (usuallly mild but can be massive)

     



    Chronic:

    Diarrhea (approx. 4 – 6 stools a day)

    Right lower quadrant pain

    Steatorrhea ( excess fat in feces)

    Marked weight loss

    Possible clubbing of fingers

    Possible weakness

    Lack of ambition

    Inability to cope with everyday stress

     



    Treatment:

    Drug therapy may include:

    Anti-inflammatory corticosteroids

    Immunosuppressant agents such as  azathioprine

    Antibacterial agents such as sulfasalazine

    Opium tincture and diphenoxylate may help combat diarrhea (but are contraindicated
    in patients with significant intestinal obstruction)

    Effective treatment requires important changes in life-style– Physical
    rest, restricted fiber diet (no fruit or vegetables), and elimination of
    dairy products for lactose intolerance.

    Surgery may be necessary to correct bowel perforation, massive hemorrhage,
    fistulas, or acute intestinal obstruction.

    Patients with extensive disease of the large intestine and rectum may
    require colectomy with ileostomy

  • Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

    * Progressive CVA, or stroke – in – evolution ( thrombus – in –
    evolution ), begins

    with slight neurologic deficit and worsens in a day or two.

    * Complete CVA, the patient experiences maximal neurologic deficits
    at onset.

    Most common cause of CVA is a result from thrombosis. Other causes
    include

    embolism and hemorrhage. Risk factors increase the likelihood
    of CVA, such as

    atherosclerosis, hypertension, dysrhythmias, rheumatic heart disease, diabetes
    mellitus,

    gout, postural hypotension, and cardiac hypertrophy. Other risk factors
    include high

    serum triglyceride levels, and sedentary life – style ( inactive
    habit ), the use of

    contraceptives, cigarette smoking, and a family history of CVA.

    CVA Symptoms:

    Clinical features of CVA vary with the artery affected ( and , Consequently,
    the portion

    of the brain it supplies ), the severity of damage, and the extent of collateral
    circulation

    that develops to help the brain compensate for decreased blood supply.
    If CVA occurs

    in the left hemisphere, it produces symptoms on the right side; if in the
    right hemisphere,

    symptoms are on the left side. However, a CVA that causes cranial
    nerve damage

    produces signs of cranial nerve dysfunction on the same side as the hemorrhage.

    Usually the symptoms are classified according to the artery affected.
    It can also be

    classified as premonitory, generalized, and focal.

    Middle cerebral artery: This type of CVA may cause aphasia ( loss
    of the power of

    expression of speech, writing, or signs or of comprehending spoken or written
    language)

    , dysphasia ( impairment of speech), visual field cuts, and hemiparesis
    on the affected

    side ( more severe in the face and arm than in the leg ).

    Carotid artery: The patient may experience weakness, paralysis, numbness,
    sensory

    changes, visual disturbances on the affected side, altered level of consciousness,
    bruits,

    headaches, aphasia, and ptosis ( paralytic drooping of the upper eyelid
    ).

    Vertebrobasilar artery: patients may experience weakness on the affected
    side,

    numbness around the lips and mouth, visual field cuts, diplopia ( the preception
    of two

    images of a single object ), poor coordination, dysphagia, slurred speech,
    dizziness,

    amnesia, and failure of muscular coordination (ataxia).

    Anterior cerebral artery: This type of stroke can cause confusion,
    weakness and

    numbness on the affected side ( especially in the leg ), incontinence,
    loss of coordination,

    impaired motor and sensory functions, and may have personality changes.

    Posterior cerebral arteries: Paralysis usually doesn’t occur.
    Patient may experience

    visual field cuts, sensory impairment, dyslexia, coma, and cortical blindness.

    Diagnostic tests: CT scan shows evidence of thrombotic or hemorrhagic
    stroke, tumor,

    or hydrocephalus. Brain scan show ischemic areas but may not be positive
    for up to 2

    weeks after the CVA. Other tests includes; lumbar puncture, ophthalmoscopy,

    angiography, EEG, and lab studies.

    Treatment:

    Medication useful in CVA include: anticonvulsants to treat seizures,
    stool softeners, to

    avoid straining, which increases ICP ( intracranial – pressure ), corticosteroids,
    to

    minimize associated cerebral edema, analgesics to relieve headache that
    may follow

    hemorrhagic CVA. Usually aspirin is contraindicated in hemorrhagic
    CVA because it

    increases bleeding tendencies, but it may be useful in preventing TIAs.

    Surgery to improve cerebral circulation for patients with thrombotic or
    embolic CVA

    includes; endarterectomy ( removal of atherosclerotic plaques from inner
    arterial wall),

    or microvascular bypass ( extracranial vessel is surgically anastomosed
    to an

    intracranial vessel ).

    For More On CVA, See Stroke: (click)

  • Chronic Intractable Pain

    1.) THE CONQUERING PAIN ACT OF 1999.

    2.) DEFINITION of Catastrophic Intractable Pain
    & INTRACTABLE PAIN DISEASE
    .

    3.)  HEALTH: OPIATE
    DRUGS ACT
    .

    4.) Topic: Chronic Intractable Pain.

    5.) Pain
    & Fibromyalgia Doctors.

     

    THE CONQUERING PAIN ACT OF 1999

    Too
    many patients with terminal illnesses or chronic conditions suffer extreme
    pain without receiving adequate

    treatment for it. The Wyden-Mack Conquering Pain Act, supported by
    a broad range of health care and patient advocacy

    groups, seeks to address that problem by taking a variety of steps
    to expand access to pain care and information about it,

    and examining where government policies might actually represent barriers
    to improved pain management.

    EXPANDING ACCESS

    Family Support Networks — Establishes six regional Family Support
    Networks in Pain and Symptom Management which will

    coordinate efforts to make pain care available to all patients who
    need it, 24 hours a day, seven days a week by working with

    physicians, pharmacists, hospitals, research institutions, local governments,
    community groups, and patients. 

    Pain Guidelines Website — Directs HHS to establish an Internet site
    providing easy-to-understand guidelines for the treatment of

    pain. Health care facilities will be required to provide access to
    this site for all patients and providers.

    Federal Health Programs — Requires that patients in all Federal health
    programs must be told that they should expect to have

    their pain managed. All Medicare recipients should receive information
    about coverage of pain treatment by the managed care

    plans available to them under the Medicare+Choice program.

    Improving Quality of Care — Authorizes physician Peer Review Organizations
    to review pain management at the local level and

    assist doctors and other health care practitioners in improving the
    quality of care. Requires HHS to establish standards for

    measuring the quality of care.

    IDENTIFYING BARRIERS

    Surgeon General’s Report on Pain — Instructs the Surgeon General to
    issue a report by October, 2000 on the legal and

    regulatory barriers to pain management, the level of competence in
    treating pain by physicians around the country, the amount and

    quality of training received by medical students and residents, and
    other issues relating to pain management, to raise public

    awareness of the problem.

    Additional Studies — Directs various agencies to conduct studies of
    the affects on pain management of Medicare, Medicaid and

    private health insurers’ reimbursement policies, and the impact of
    controlled substance laws on pain management.

    Advisory Committee on Pain — Creates an 11-member Committee to coordinate
    the efforts of various arms of the federal

    government, and to make recommendations about additional research needs,
    practice guidelines, and other areas of pain

    management practice.

    NIH Conference — Directs the National Institutes of Health to hold
    a conference by 2003 to discuss ideas for putting new

    developments in pain research into practice in the health care system. 

      MACK TO INTRODUCE BILL TO RAISE
      QUALITY OF CARE FOR PATIENTS IN PAIN  CLICK

     

    DEFINITION of Catastrophic Intractable Pain

    Pain, which is constant, debilitating, incurable, interferes with sleep and produces
    elevations of pulse, blood pressure, and adrenal gland hormones.

    INTRACTABLE PAIN DISEASE 

    This disease is a severe, uninterrupted stress state that results in
    intermittent hypertension, tachycardia, alterations of pituitary
    and adrenal hormones, depression, fatigue, and a bed-bound state. Additional complications may include osteoporosis, myofascial
    pain, immune suppression, gastritis, muscle contractures, memory loss,
    attention deficit, hypoglycemia, diabetes, suicide, crying
    spells, pancreatitis, loss of libido, obesity, teeth erosion,
    lipid-cholesterol abnormalities, and cardiac disease. Abnormally high
    or low
    hormone levels including cortisone, insulin, and adrenalin produce many
    of the complications. Low adrenal hormone levels result
    from the inability of the adrenal glands to cope with constant stress of severe pain.

     

    California’s: SB 402 & 1802:

    HEALTH: OPIATE DRUGS ACT

     

    Pain, and why
    you not have to suffer in California

    In my own experiences as a patient and a nurse, I have found that too
    many States do not allow the use of narcotic analgesics as treatment for
    patients with chronic intractable pain.

    Patients all over the US are suffering needlessly from doctors who are
    too scared to prescribe narcotic pain medication for fear of having their
    license revoked. Other doctors are just not properly trained in how to treat
    patients with the use of narcotic analgesics. Their are also those doctors
    from poor or third world countries who do not believe in treating patients
    adequately for pain. They usually come from a back grown where (in their own
    culture) pain is something that you just have to get used too and learn to
    live with. This is a Travesty!

    Treatment of patients in severe or chronic pain with the use of
    narcotic analgesics is not only safer today with the new “hi tech”
    long acting narcotics, it is also more practical. Patients are far less
    likely to overdose with these new classes of long acting narcotics than 10
    years ago when repeated dosing of short acting narcotics was the routine of
    the time.

    I myself am tired of hearing patients tell me that their doctor has
    told them that they are just going to have to learn to live with the pain,
    (or) go in to some type of pain program. Pain Programs/Clinics Do Not use
    narcotic therapy as a part of their treatment plan and the worst thing is
    that referring doctors know this!! The use of narcotics as a part of there
    therapy is forbidden and other ways of controlling pain such as mind over
    matter as an example are the routine of choice. You can not take a patient
    in severe chronic intractable pain and try and tell them that they can out
    think it! To those doctors that use this approach I say, cut off your right
    finger, or better yet go out and get hit by a truck and then come back and
    try one of these therapies! Only then will they understand.

    And to those doctors that say you are a drug seeking patient, Or he
    has a drug seeking personality, I say to you YES I am seeking drugs for my
    pain! What am I supposed to do, act like I do not really need them?

    What doctors have to understand is that patients who are labeled drug
    seeking are just that! They are seeking to get out of pain. Studies have
    shown that patients suffer from chronic intractable pain, are not the
    typical drug addict looking for a fix! Rather they are looking for relief
    and to just live a normal life with some type of control over their pain.

    And those doctors who do give out lets say 25 (or) 50 pills a month
    and have a patient sign a drug contract I say (“it just does not work
    that way”) 
    If a patient is in more pain on a certain day he/she is going to need more
    pain medication to make it through that day. Before the patient knows it he
    has used up his supply, And all he gets for his/her trouble is a lecture
    from the doctor. PAIN CONTRACTS DO NOT WORK!!

    Better yet put your patient on a longer lasting pain medication like
    Oxycontin or a narcotic patch like Fentanyl, and give your patient a supply
    of short acting pain medication for break through pain. This will not only
    make the patient more comfortable but less likely to ride the roller coaster
    of ups and downs that short acting pain medications can cause.

    California NOW is one of the most recent states for adopting a law to
    treat patients with chronic intractable pain. The law states that doctors
    will not be prosecuted for treating their patients with opiate pain
    medications. Patients also have the right to Not under go corrective surgery
    (if available) to treat the patients pain, and remain on narcotic pain
    management if it is their wish to do so.

    Doctors here in California NO longer have to fear of loosing their
    license to treat such patients, And No longer have an excuse for Not
    treating their pain patients accordingly and humanely with opiate agonists.

    Please read the SB 402 The California Pain
    Patient’s Bill of Rights below and show it to your doctor or congressman to
    get the relief that is constitutionally yours.


    As of January 1/ 1998 SB 402 takes effect.

    WHAT THIS MEANS IS DOCTORS SHOULD NOT HAVE ANY MORE
    PROBLEMS WITH THE-  STATE, IN BEING ABLE TO WRITE  PRESCRIPTIONS
    FOR NARCOTIC PAIN DRUGS-  OR TRIPLICATE  NARCOTIC  PAIN
    MEDICINE
    . NO MORE EXCUSES!!   CHRONIC PAIN  SUFFERERS
    SHOULD NOT HAVE TO 
    SUFFER ANYMORE!!!!

    Excerpt from Health: opiate drugs text...

    Existing law, the Intractable Pain Treatment Act,
    authorizes a physician and surgeon to prescribe or administer controlled
    substances to a person in the course of treating that person for a diagnosed
    condition called intractable pain, and prohibits the  Medical Board of
    California from disciplining a physician and surgeon for this action. This
    bill would establish the Pain Patient’s  Bill of Rights
    and would state legislative findings and declarations regarding the value of
    opiate drugs to persons suffering from severe chronic intractable pain. 

     

    SB 402

    California Senate Bill No. 402
    CHAPTER 839
    An act to add Part 4.5 (commencing with Section -124960) to Division 106 of the Health and Safety Code, relating to health.

    [Approved by Governor October 9, 1997. Filed with Secretary of State October 10, 1997.]

    LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL’S DIGEST SE 402, Greene. Health: opiate drugs.
    Existing law, the Intractable Pain Treatment Act, authorizes a physician and surgeon to prescribe or administer controlled substances to a person in the course of treating that person for a diagnosed condition called intractable pain, and prohibits the Medical Board of California from disciplining a physician and surgeon for this action.

    This bill would establish the Pain Patient’s Bill of Rights and would state legislative findings and declarations regarding the value of opiate drugs to persons suffering from severe chronic intractable pain. It would, among other things, authorize a physician to refuse to prescribe opiate medication for a patient who requests the treatment for severe chronic intractable pain, require the physician to inform the, patient that there are physicians who specialize in the treatment of severe chronic intractable pain with methods that include the use of opiates, and authorize a physician who prescribes opiates to prescribe a dosage deemed medically necessary.

    The people of the State of California do enact as follows:

    SECTION 1. Part 4.5 (commencing with Section 124960) is added to Division 106 of the Health and Safety Code, to read:

    PART 4.5. PAIN PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS

    124960. The Legislature finds and declares all of the following:
    (a) The state has a right and duty to control the illegal use of opiate drugs.
    (b) Inadequate treatment of acute and chronic pain originating from cancer or non cancerous conditions is a significant health problem.
    (c) For some patients, pain management is the single most important treatment a physician can provide.
    (d) A patient suffering from severe chronic intractable pain should have access to proper treatment of his or her pain.

    Ch. 839 -2-
    (e) Due to the complexity of their problems, many patients suffering from severe chronic intractable pain may require referral to a physician with expertise in the treatment of severe chronic intractable pain. In some cases, severe chronic intractable pain is best treated by a team of clinicians in order to address the associated physical, psychological, social, and vocational issues.
    (f) In the hands of knowledgeable, ethical, and experience pain management practitioners, opiates administered for sever acute and severe chronic intractable pain can be safe.
    (g) Opiates can be an accepted treatment for patients in severe chronic intractable pain who have not obtained relief from any other means of treatment.
    (h) A patient suffering from severe chronic intractable pain has the option to request or reject the use of any or all modalities to relieve his or her severe chronic intractable pain.
    (i) A physician treating a patient who suffers from severe chronic intractable pain may prescribe a dosage deemed medically necessary to relieve severe chronic intractable pain as long as the prescribing is in conformance with the provisions of the California Intractable Pain Treatment Act, Section 2241.5 of the Business and Professions Code.
    j) A patient who suffers from severe chronic intractable pain has the option to choose opiate medication for the treatment of the severe chronic intractable pain as long as the prescribing is in conformance with the provisions of the. California Intractable Treatment Act, Section 2241.5 of the Business and Professions code
    (k) The patient’s physician may refuse to prescribe opiate medication for a patient who requests the treatment for severe chronic intractable pain. However, that physician shall inform the patient that there are physicians who specialize in the treatment of severe chronic intractable pain with methods that include the use of opiates.

    124961. Nothing in this section shall be construed to alter any of the provisions set forth in the California Intractable Pain Treatment Act, Section 2241.5 of the Business and Professions Code. This section shall be known as the Pain Patient’s Bill of Rights.
    (a) A patient suffering from severe chronic intractable pain has the option to request or reject the use of any or all modalities in order to relieve his or her severe chronic intractable pain.
    (b) A patient who suffers from severe chronic intractable pain has the option to choose opiate medications to relieve severe chronic intractable pain without first having to submit to an invasive medical procedure, which is defined as surgery, destruction of a nerve or other other body tissue by manipulation, or the implantation of a drug delivery system or device, as long as the prescribing physician acts in conformance with the provisions of the California Intractable Pain Treatment Act, Section 2241.5 of the Business and Professions Code.

    -3- Ch. 839
    (c) The patient’s physician may refuse to prescribe opiate medication for the patient who requests a treatment for severe chronic intractable pain. However, that physician shall inform the patient that there are physicians who specialize in the treatment of severe chronic intractable pain with methods that include the use of opiates.
    (d) A physician who uses opiate therapy to relieve severe chronic intractable pain may prescribe a dosage deemed medically necessary to relieve severe chronic intractable pain, as long as that prescribing is in conformance with the California Intractable Pain Treatment Act, Section 2241.5 of the Business and Professions Code.
    (e) A patient may voluntarily request that his or her physician provide an identifying notice of the prescription for purposes of emergency treatment or law enforcement identification.
    (f) Nothing in this section shall do either of the following: (1) Limit any reporting or disciplinary provisions applicable to licensed physicians and surgeons who violate prescribing practices or other provisions set forth in the Medical Practice Act, Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 2000) of Division 2 of the Business and Professions Code, or the regulations adopted there under. (2) Limit the applicability of any federal statute or federal regulation or any of the other statutes or regulations of this state that regulate dangerous drugs or controlled substances.

     

    Previous (or) Old Bill

    SB 1802

    Senate Bill No. 1802

    CHAPTER 1588

    An act to add Section 2241.5 to the Business and Professions Code,
    relating to physicians and surgeons.

    [Approved by Governor September 30. 1990. Filed with
    Secretary of State September 30, 1990.]

    LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL’S DIGEST
    SE 1802, L. Greene. Physicians and surgeons. Existing law makes it unprofessional conduct and grounds for disciplinary action for a physician and surgeon to perform repeated acts of clearly excessive prescribing, furnishing, or administering of drugs or treatment, as specified.

    This bill would authorize a physician and surgeon to prescribe or administer controlled substances to a person in the course of treatment of that person for a diagnosed condition causing intractable pain, as defined, and would prohibit the Medical Board of California from disciplining a physician and surgeon for that prescribing or administering. The people of the State of California do enact as follows:

    SE(-=IION 1. Section 2241.5 is added to the Business and Professions Code, to read:
    2241.5. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a physician and surgeon may prescribe: or administer controlled substances to a person in the course of the physician and surgeon’s
    treatment of that person for a diagnosed condition causing intractable pain.
    (b) “Intractable pain,” as used in this section, means a pain state in which the cause of the pain cannot be removed or otherwise treated and which in the generally accepted course of medical
    practice no relief or cure of the cause of the pain is possible or none has been found after reasonable efforts including, but not limited to, evaluation by the attending physician and surgeon and one or more physicians and surgeons specializing in the treatment of the area,
    system, or organ of the body perceived as the source of the pain.
    (c) No physician and surgeon shall be subject to disciplinary action by the board for prescribing or administering controlled substances in the course of treatment of a person for intractable pain.
    (d) This section shall not apply to those persons being treated by the physician and surgeon for chemical dependency because of their use of drugs or controlled substances.
    (e) This section shall not authorize a physician and surgeon to prescribe or administer controlled substances to a person the

    93 60

    Ch. 1588 -2- physician and surgeon knows to be using drugs or substances for nontherapeutic purposes.
    (f) This section shall not affect the power of the board to deny, revoke, or suspend the license of any physician and surgeon who does any of the following:
    (1) Prescribes or administers a controlled substance or treatment that is nontherapeutic in nature or nontherapeutic in the manner the controlled substance or treatment is administered or prescribed or is for a nontherapeutic purpose in a nontherapeutic manner.
    (2) Fails to keep complete and accurate records of purchases and disposals of substances listed in the California Controlled Substances Act, or of controlled substances scheduled in, or pursuant to, the federal Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. A physician and surgeon shall keep records of his or her purchases and disposals of these drugs, including the date of purchase, the date and records of the sale or disposal of the drugs by the physician and surgeon, the name and address of the person receiving the drugs, and the reason for the disposal of or the dispensing of the drugs to the person and shall otherwise comply with all state record keeping requirements for controlled substances.
    (3) Writes false or fictitious prescriptions for controlled substances listed in the California Controlled Substances Act or scheduled in the federal Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention
    and Control Act of 1970.
    (4) Prescribes, administers, or dispenses in a manner not consistent with public health and welfare controlled substances listed in the California Controlled Substance Act or scheduled in the
    federal Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970.
    (5) Prescribes, administers, or dispenses in violation of either Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 11150) or Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 11210) of Division 10 of the Health. and
    Safety Code or this chapter.
    (g) This section shall not apply to treatment of any person in a health facility, as defined in Section’ 12;50 of the Health and Safety Code.
    SEC. 2. This act shall be known and cited as the Intractable Pain Treatment Act.

    9380 END

     

    Topic: Chronic Intractable Pain

    The patient who suffers with Chronic intractable pain, it is the type of patient who needs a special consideration. This is usually a patient who has suffered with pain longer than three months, and who is truly in need of pain relief and help. This is a patient who usually exhibits all the signs of narcotics seeking behavior. The term narcotic seeking behavior is usually given to a patient who exhibits signs and symptoms of the want to or need for pain medication, and becomes extremely agitated when the medication is not given. But the patient with Chronic intractable pain, is one who is truly in pain. A drug seeking behavior is not uncommon. The patient is in pain, and is seeking relief. The majority of doctors who see this type of behavior, automatically label them as a patient who is a hypochondriac, or who has a bad drug habit. On the contrary, this is a patient who is truly in need of medication, and with today’s society, it is very hard to find relief for Chronic intractable pain. Like most patients early on, the patient is missed diagnosed or diagnosed and miss treated. The reason I say miss treated , is because some doctors, like you to have what they call a pain contract. This is a contract between a patient and doctor which stipulates how much pain medication the patient is to receive over a period of time. This however it is not true pain management. For a patient with Chronic intractable pain. The only way to treat this patient is, too titrate the patients narcotics via long acting narcotics such as Oxycontin or MSIR (Morphine sulfate continuous releases), to place where the patient is no longer in pain. The patient will also require a short acting narcotic for the intermediate state of when the long acting narcotics is at its low and before it begins to release its second dosage. 

    The problem with many doctors is that they are not adequately trained in how to treat patients with chronic intractable pain. This is a huge problem in today’s medical society. The American Medical Association is presently undergoing changes in the teaching of new doctors on just how to treat chronic intractable pain. The breed of medical doctors who now occupy our society are, what we call pain illiterate. This means they are either to scared of treating a patient pain and possibly creating a condition in which the patient becomes addicted, or the foremost reasons why doctors today in California, do not treat patients appropriately is because they are afraid of losing their license. In the state of California, this is no longer an issue with patients who have been diagnosed with chronic intractable pain. The state has mandated the use of narcotic pain killers, through Senate bill 402 or (SB402) which protects doctors from prescribing strong narcotic pain killers to patients with chronic intractable pain. They no longer have to fear reprisals or disciplinary actions for treating such patients. The law now states that doctors are free to prescribe narcotics to patients who have chronic intractable pain ,with what ever, and how much is needed of the their standard or triplicate pain medications for the relief of their pain. Also the patient has the right to reject surgery over taking pain medications for relief. Per say, a patient in which surgery would be required to relieve pain, does have the option either to have the surgery or continue taking pain medications without any reprisals on the doctor.
    This Law is currently active in California & only a few other states @ this time.

  • California Pain Laws

    Pain, and why you should “not” have to suffer in California.

    By: Mark Norwood

    In my own experiences as a patient and a nurse, I have found that too many States do not allow the use of narcotic analgesics as treatment for patients with chronic intractable pain.

    Patients all over the US are suffering needlessly from doctors who are too scared to prescribe narcotic pain medication for fear of having their license revoked. Other doctors are just not properly trained in how to treat patients with the use of narcotic analgesics. Their are also those doctors from poor or third world countries who do not believe in treating patients adequately for pain. They usually come from a back grown where (in their own culture) pain is something that you just have to get used too and learn to live with. This is a Travesty!

    Treatment of patients in severe or chronic pain with the use of narcotic analgesics is not only safer today with the new “hi tech” long acting narcotics, it is also more practical. Patients are far less likely to overdose with these new classes of long acting narcotics than 10 years ago when repeated dosing of short acting narcotics was the routine of the time.

    I myself am tired of hearing patients tell me that their doctor has told them that they are just going to have to learn to live with the pain, (or) go in to some type of pain program. Pain Programs/Clinics Do Not use narcotic therapy as a part of their treatment plan and the worst thing is that referring doctors know this!! The use of narcotics as a part of there therapy is forbidden and other ways of controlling pain such as mind over matter as an example are the routine of choice. You can not take a patient in severe chronic intractable pain and try and tell them that they can out think it! To those doctors that use this approach I say, cut off your right finger, or better yet go out and get hit by a truck and then come back and try one of these therapies! Only then will they understand.

    And to those doctors that say you are a drug seeking patient, Or he has a drug seeking personality, I say to you YES I am seeking drugs for my pain! What am I supposed to do, act like I do not really need them?

    What doctors have to understand is that patients who are labeled drug seeking are just that! They are seeking to get out of pain. Studies have shown that patients suffer from chronic intractable pain, are not the typical drug addict looking for a fix! Rather they are looking for relief and to just live a normal life with some type of control over their pain.

    And those doctors who do give out lets say 25 (or) 50 pills a month and have a patient sign a drug contract I say (“it just does not work that way”) 
    If a patient is in more pain on a certain day he/she is going to need more pain medication to make it through that day. Before the patient knows it he has used up his supply, And all he gets for his/her trouble is a lecture from the doctor. PAIN CONTRACTS DO NOT WORK!!

    Better yet put your patient on a longer lasting pain medication like Oxycontin or a narcotic patch like Fentanyl, and give your patient a supply of short acting pain medication for break through pain. This will not only make the patient more comfortable but less likely to ride the roller coaster of ups and downs that short acting pain medications can cause.

    California NOW is one of the most recent states for adopting a law to treat patients with chronic intractable pain. The law states that doctors will not be prosecuted for treating their patients with opiate pain medications. Patients also have the right to Not under go corrective surgery (if available) to treat the patients pain, and remain on narcotic pain management if it is their wish to do so.

    Doctors here in California NO longer have to fear of loosing their license to treat such patients, And No longer have an excuse for Not treating their pain patients accordingly and humanely with opiate agonists.

    Please read the SB 402 The California Pain Patient’s Bill of Rights below and show it to your doctor or congressman to get the relief that is constitutionally yours.

     


      As of January 1/ 1998 SB 402 takes effect. 

     WHAT THIS MEANS IS DOCTORS SHOULD NOT HAVE ANY MORE PROBLEMS WITH THE-  STATE, IN BEING ABLE TO WRITE  PRESCRIPTIONS FOR NARCOTIC PAIN DRUGS-  OR TRIPLICATE  NARCOTIC  PAIN MEDICINE. NO MORE EXCUSES!!   CHRONIC PAIN  SUFFERERS SHOULD NOT HAVE TO  SUFFER ANYMORE!!!!

     Excerpt from Health: opiate drugs text...

        Existing law, the Intractable Pain Treatment Act, authorizes a physician and surgeon to prescribe or administer controlled substances to a person in the course of treating that person for a diagnosed condition called intractable pain, and prohibits the  Medical Board of California from disciplining a physician and surgeon for this action. This bill would establish the Pain Patient’s  Bill of Rights and would state legislative findings and declarations regarding the value of opiate drugs to persons suffering from severe chronic intractable pain. 


    SB 402

               California Senate Bill No. 402
                     CHAPTER 839
     An act to add Part 4.5 (commencing with Section -124960) to
     Division 106 of the Health and Safety Code, relating to health.

              [Approved by Governor October 9, 1997. Filed
               with Secretary of State October 10, 1997.]

              LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL’S DIGEST

    SE 402, Greene. Health: opiate drugs.
    Existing law, the Intractable Pain Treatment Act, authorizes a
    physician and surgeon to prescribe or administer controlled
    substances to a person in the course of treating that person for a
    diagnosed condition called intractable pain, and prohibits the
    Medical Board of California from disciplining a physician and
    surgeon for this action.
    This bill would establish the Pain Patient’s Bill of Rights and would
    state legislative findings and declarations regarding the value of
    opiate drugs to persons suffering from severe chronic intractable
    pain. It would, among other things, authorize a physician to refuse to prescribe opiate medication for a patient who requests the treatment
    for severe chronic intractable pain, require the physician to inform
    the, patient that there are physicians who specialize in the treatment
    of severe chronic intractable pain with methods that include the use
    of opiates, and authorize a physician who prescribes opiates to
    prescribe a dosage deemed medically necessary.

    The people of the State of California do enact as follows:

     SECTION 1. Part 4.5 (commencing with Section 124960) is added
    to Division 106 of the Health and Safety Code, to read:

          PART 4.5. PAIN PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS

    124960. The Legislature finds and declares all of the following:
    (a) The state has a right and duty to control the illegal use of opiate
    drugs·.
    (b) Inadequate treatment of acute and chronic pain originating
    from cancer or non cancerous conditions is a significant health
    problem.
    (c) For some patients, pain management is the single most
    important treatment a physician can provide.
    (d) A patient suffering from severe chronic intractable pain
    should have access to proper treatment of his or her pain.

     

    Ch. 839                 -2-

     (e) Due to the complexity of their problems, many patients
    suffering from severe chronic intractable pain may require referral
    to a physician with expertise in the treatment of severe chronic
    intractable pain. In some cases, severe chronic intractable pain is best
    treated by a team of clinicians in order to address the associated
    physical, psychological, social, and vocational issues.
    (f) In the hands of knowledgeable, ethical, and experience pain
    management practitioners, opiates administered for sever acute
    and severe chronic intractable pain can be safe.
    (g) Opiates can be an accepted treatment for patients in severe
    chronic intractable pain who have not obtained relief from any other
    means of treatment.
    (h) A patient suffering from severe chronic intractable pain has
    the option to request or reject the use of any or all modalities to
    relieve his or her severe chronic intractable pain.
    (i) A physician treating a patient who suffers from severe chronic
    intractable pain may prescribe a dosage deemed medically necessary
    to relieve severe chronic intractable pain as long as the prescribing
    is in conformance with the provisions of the California Intractable
    Pain Treatment Act, Section 2241.5 of the Business and Professions
    Code.
    j) A patient who suffers from severe chronic intractable pain has
    the option to choose opiate medication for the treatment of the
    severe chronic intractable pain as long as the prescribing is in
    conformance with the provisions of the. California Intractable
    Treatment Act, Section 2241.5 of the Business and Professions code
    (k) The patient’s physician may refuse to prescribe opiate
    medication for a patient who requests the treatment for severe
    chronic intractable pain. However, that physician shall inform the
    patient that there are physicians who specialize in the treatment of
    severe chronic intractable pain with methods that include the use of
    opiates.
    124961. Nothing in this section shall be construed to alter any of
    the provisions set forth in the California Intractable Pain Treatment
    Act, Section 2241.5 of the Business and Professions Code. This section
    shall be known as the Pain Patient’s Bill of Rights.
    (a) A patient suffering from severe chronic intractable pain has
    the option to request or reject the use of any or all modalities in order
    to relieve his or her severe chronic intractable pain.
    (b) A patient who suffers from severe chronic intractable pain has
    the option to choose opiate medications to relieve severe chronic
    intractable pain without first having to submit to an invasive medical
    procedure, which is defined as surgery, destruction of a nerve or other
    other body tissue by manipulation, or the implantation of a drug
    delivery system or device, as long as the prescribing physician acts
    in conformance with the provisions of the California Intractable Pain
    Treatment Act, Section 2241.5 of the Business and Professions
    Code.

     

    -3-               Ch. 839

     (c) The patient’s physician may refuse to prescribe opiate
    medication for the patient who requests a treatment for severe
    chronic intractable pain. However, that physician shall inform the
    patient that there are physicians who specialize in the treatment of
    severe chronic intractable pain with methods that include the use of
    opiates.
     (d) A physician who uses opiate therapy to relieve severe chronic
    intractable pain may prescribe a dosage deemed medically necessary
    to relieve severe chronic intractable pain, as long as that prescribing
    is in conformance with the California Intractable Pain Treatment
    Act, Section 2241.5 of the Business and Professions Code.
     (e) A patient may voluntarily request that his or her physician
    provide an identifying notice of the prescription for purposes of
    emergency treatment or law enforcement identification.
     (f) Nothing in this section shall do either of the following:
     (1) Limit any reporting or disciplinary provisions applicable to
    licensed physicians and surgeons who violate prescribing practices or
    other provisions set forth in the Medical Practice Act, Chapter 5
    (commencing with Section 2000) of Division 2 of the Business and
    Professions Code, or the regulations adopted there under.
     (2) Limit the applicability of any federal statute or federal
    regulation or any of the other statutes or regulations of this state that
    regulate dangerous drugs or controlled substances.

     

     Previous (or) Old Bill

     SB 1802

       Senate Bill No. 1802

       CHAPTER 1588

      An act to add Section 2241.5 to the Business and Professions Code,
      relating to physicians and surgeons.

       [Approved by Governor September 30. 1990. Filed with
        Secretary of State September 30, 1990.]

               LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL’S DIGEST
     SE 1802, L. Greene. Physicians and surgeons.
     Existing law makes it unprofessional conduct and grounds for
    disciplinary action for a physician and surgeon to perform repeated
    acts of clearly excessive prescribing, furnishing, or administering of
    drugs or treatment, as specified.
     This bill would authorize a physician and surgeon to prescribe or
    administer controlled substances to a person in the course of
    treatment of that person for a diagnosed condition causing
    intractable pain, as defined, and would prohibit the Medical Board
    of California from disciplining a physician and surgeon for that
    prescribing or administering.

    The people of the State of California do enact as follows:

     SE(-=IION 1. Section 2241.5 is added to the Business and
    Professions Code, to read:
     2241.5. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a
    physician and surgeon may prescribe: or administer controlled
    substances to a person in the course of the physician and surgeon’s
    treatment of that person for a diagnosed condition causing
    intractable pain.
     (b) “Intractable pain,” as used in this section, means a pain state
    in which the cause of the pain cannot be removed or otherwise
    treated and which in the generally accepted course of medical
    practice no relief or cure of the cause of the pain is possible or none
    has been found after reasonable efforts including, but not limited to,
    evaluation by the attending physician and surgeon and one or more
    physicians and surgeons specializing in the treatment of the area,
    system, or organ of the body perceived as the source of the pain.
     (c) No physician and surgeon shall be subject to disciplinary
    action by the board for prescribing or administering controlled
    substances in the course of treatment of a person for intractable pain.
     (d) This section shall not apply to those persons being treated by
    the physician and surgeon for chemical dependency because of their
    use of drugs or controlled substances.
     (e) This section shall not authorize a physician and surgeon to
    prescribe or administer controlled substances to a person the

    93 60

     

    Ch. 1588               -2-

    physician and surgeon knows to be using drugs or substances for
    nontherapeutic purposes.
     (f) This section shall not affect the power of the board to deny,
    revoke, or suspend the license of any physician and surgeon who does
    any of the following:
     (1) Prescribes or administers a controlled substance or treatment
    that is nontherapeutic in nature or nontherapeutic in the manner the
    controlled substance or treatment is administered or prescribed or
    is for a nontherapeutic purpose in a nontherapeutic manner.
     (2) Fails to keep complete and accurate records of purchases and
    disposals of substances listed in the California Controlled Substances
    Act, or of controlled substances scheduled in, or pursuant to, the
    federal Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of
    1970. A physician and surgeon shall keep records of his or her
    purchases and disposals of these drugs, including the date of
    purchase, the date and records of the sale or disposal of the drugs by
    the physician and surgeon, the name and address of the person
    receiving the drugs, and the reason for the disposal of or the
    dispensing of the drugs to the person and shall otherwise comply
    with all state record keeping requirements for controlled substances.
     (3) Writes false or fictitious prescriptions for controlled
    substances listed in the California Controlled Substances Act or
    scheduled in the federal Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention
    and Control Act of 1970.
     (4) Prescribes, administers, or dispenses in a manner not
    consistent with public health and welfare controlled substances
    listed in the California Controlled Substance Act or scheduled in the
    federal Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of
    1970.
     (5) Prescribes, administers, or dispenses in violation of either
    Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 11150) or Chapter 5
    (commencing with Section 11210) of Division 10 of the Health. and
    Safety Code or this chapter.
     (g) This section shall not apply to treatment of any person in a
    health facility, as defined in Section’ 12;50 of the Health and Safety
    Code.
     SEC. 2. This act shall be known and cited as the Intractable Pain
    Treatment Act.

    9380

    END

  • Heart Disease

    Cardiovascular disorders:

    Congenital Heart Defects:  such as:

    Atrial Septal Defect
    Coarctation Of The Aorta

    Patent Ductus Arteriosus

    Cyanotic Defects includes:

    Tetralogy Of Fallot

    Transposition of the great arteries

    Valvular Heart Disease:

    Mitral Insufficiency

    Mitral Stenosis

    Aortic Insufficiency

    Aortic Stenosis

    Pulmonary Insufficiency

    Pulmonary Stenosis

    Tricuspid Insufficiency

    Tricupspid Stenosis

    Inflammatory Heart Disease:

    Myocarditis

    Pericarditis

    Endocarditis

    Rheumatic Heart Disease

    Degenerative Disorders:

    Hypertension

    Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

    Myocardial Infarction (MI)

    Congestive Heart Failure

    Cardiomyopathies

    Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis

  • Hemorrhoids

    Hemorrhoids:  a varicose dilatation of a
    vein of the superior or inferior hemorrhoidal plexus.  Dilation and
    enlargement of the superior plexus produces internal hemorrhoids; dilation
    and enlargement of the inferior plexus produces external hemorrhoids, which
    may protrude from the rectum.

    Cause:  Hemorrhoids probably result from increased intravenous
    pressure in the hemorrhoidal venous plexus.  Some of the risk factors
    may include occupations that require prolonged standing or sitting, straining
    due to constipation, diarrhea, coughing, sneezing, or vomiting; heart failure,
    hepatic disease, alcoholism, and anorectal infections; loss of muscle tone
    due to old age, rectal surgery, or episiotomy; anal intercourse, and pregnancy.

    Symptoms:

    Patient may be asymptomatic

    Patient may have painless, intermittent bleeding during defecation.

    Pruritus

    Patient may have discomfort and prolapse in response to an increase
    in intra abdominal pressure

    Sudden rectal pain

    May have a large, firm, subcutaneous lump with thrombosed external hemorrhoids.

    Treatment:

    Typically, treatment aims to ease pain, combat swelling and congestion,
    and regulate bowel habits.

    Local swelling and pain can be decreased with local anesthetic agents,
    astringents, or cold compresses, followed by warm sitz baths or thermal
    packs. (Rarely, the patient with chronic, profuse bleeding may require
    a blood transfusion)

    The doctor may prescribed nonsurgical treatments that includes injection
    of a sclerosing solution to produce scar tissue that decreases prolapse;
    manual reduction; and hemorrhoid ligation or freezing.

    For severe bleeding:  hemorrhoidectom is the most effective treatment.

  • Hemothorax

    Hemothorax:  In this disorder, blood from damaged intercostal
    , pleural , mediastinal, and sometimes lung parenchymal vessels enters
    the pleural cavity.  Depending on the amount of bleeding and the underlying
    cause, hemothorax may be associated  with varying degrees of lung
    collapse and mediastinal shift. Pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity)
    commonly accompanies hemothorax.

    Cause:  Usually results from blunt or penetrating chest
    trauma.  Hemothorax may result from thoracic surgery, pulmonary infarction,
    neoplasm, disecting thoracic aneurysm, or anticoagulant therapy.

    Symptoms:

    Percussion reveals dullness, and auscultation reveals decreased to absent
    breath sounds over the affected side.

    Chest pain

    Tachypnea

    Mild to severe dyspnea (difficulty breathing) may be present

    If respiratory failure results, the patient may appear anxious, restless,
    possibly stuporous, and cyanotic.

    Marked blood loss produces hypotension and shock.

    The affected side of the chest expands and stiffens, while the unaffected
    side rises and falls with the patient’s gasping respirations

    Treatment:

    Goal:  to stabilize the patient’s condition, stop the bleeding,
    evacuate blood from the pleural space, and reexpand the underlying lung.

    Mild hemothorax usually clears in 10 to 14 days, requiring only observation
    for further bleeding.

    In severe hemothorax, thoracentesis may be performed, (not only use
    as a diagnostic tool, but also as a method of removing fluid from the pleural
    cavity.)

    Chest tube

    Suction may be used to prevent clot blockage

    Thoracotomy may be done to evacuate blood and clots and to control bleeding.

  • Herbs

    Echinacea: Boosts the sensitivity of key white blood cells and should be taken at the first sign
    of a cold or flu.
    .
    Astragalus: Contains antiviral and immune-boosting effects and is used to combat colds. Flu’s
    and other respiratory infections.
    .
    Saint-John’s
    Wort:
    Very popular treatment for mild to moderate depression with few reported side 
    effects.
    .
    Dong Qual General tonic for women and the female reproductive system, used to treat
    irregular or difficult menstruation PMS, menopausal symptoms and weakness
    following childbirth.
    .
    Arnica: The tincture is a topical remedy for bruises sprains sore muscles and joints. For 
    external use only.
    .
    Ginger Improves digestion and eases stomach upset and nausea.
    .
    Ginkgo Biloba: Increases blond flow to the brain and is used in the treatment of circulatory
    disorders and impaired memory.
    .
    Raw Garlic: Antibiotic that also lowers cholesterol and blood pressure. It also reduces the
    clotting tendency of the blood.
    .
    Ginseng: Ginseng in addition to being a sexual energizer for men, it reduces stress and
    improves hormonal balance.
    .
    Maitake
    Mushroom
    :
    Boosts the immune system.
  • Hernia

    Try our All Natural Cure for
    Heartburn, Acid Reflux & Hiatal Hernia

    Hernia:  protrusion of a portion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.

    Inguinal hernia:  the large or small intestine, omentum, or bladder protrudes into the inguinal (pertaining to the groin) canal.  Inguinal hernia may be reducible – if the hernia can be moved back into place easily, and incarcerated – if it can’t be reduced because of adhesions in the hernial sac, or strangulated – if part of the herniated intestine becomes twisted or edematous, cutting off normal blood flow and peristalsis and may lead to intestinal obstruction and necrosis.  Inguinal hernia can be direct or indirect.  Indirect:  it causes the abdominal viscera to protrude through the inguinal ring and follow the spermatic cord (in males) or round ligament (in females).
    Direct:  it results from a weakness in the fascial floor of the inguinal canal.

    Cause:  results from abdominal muscles  weakened by congenital malformation, traumatic injury, aging, or from increased intra abdominal pressure – usually due to heavy lifting, pregnancy, obesity, or straining.

    Symptoms:

    Pain
    Nausea
    Vomiting
    May have diarrhea (possible strangulation)
    Lump that appears over the herniated area when the patient stands or strains and disappears when the patient is supine.

    Treatment: 

    Reducible hernia:  may be relieved temporarily by moving the hernia back into place.
    A truss may keep the abdominal contents from protruding into the hernial sac (Note- this is not a cure, this device is beneficial for an elderly or debilitated patient, for whom any surgery is potentially hazardous)

    Herniorrhaphy is a surgical treatment preferred for infants, adults, and otherwise healthy elderly patients.  This surgery replaces hernial sac contents into the abdominal cavity and seals the opening.

    Hernioplasty:  this is another effective procedure, which reinforces the weakened area with steel mesh, fascia, or wire.

    For strangulated or necrotic hernia:  the patients requires bowel resection.  an extensive resection may required temporary colostomy though it is rare.

     


     

    Hiatal Hernia This is a structural defect in which a weaned diaphragm allows a portion of the stomach to pass through the esophageal diaphragmatic opening (hiatus) into the chest when intra abdominal pressure increases.

    There are three types of hiatal hernia:  Sliding hernia which is the most common.  Paraesoophageal (rolling) hernia, and mixed hernia, which includes features of the others.  In sliding hernia:  both the stomach and the gastroesophageal junction slip up into the chest so that the gastroeal junction is above the diaphragmatic hiatus.  In a paraesoophageal hernia:  a part of the greater curvature of the stomach rolls through the diaphragmatic defect.

    Cause:  May be caused by muscle weakening associated with the following:
    Aging, esophageal carcinoma, kyphoscoliosis, trauma, certain surgical procedures, and congenital diaphragmatic malformations.

    Symptoms:

    In a sliding hiatal hernia:  occur in the presence of an incompetent gastroesophageal sphincter.  –Heartburn – occurring 1 to 4 hours after eating and is aggravated by increased intra abdominal pressure.  May experience vomiting or regurgitation. 

    Retrosternal or substernal chest pain.  Usually occurring often after meals or at bedtime and is aggravated by reclining, belching, and increased intra abdominal pressure.

    In a paraesophageal hiatal hernia:  the patient may be asymptomatic.  He may have a feeling of fullness in the chest or pain resembling angina pectoris.

    Treatment:

    Treatment is to modify or reduce reflux by changing the quantity or quality of gastric contents, by strengthening the gastroesophageal sphincter muscle pharmacologically, or by decreasing the amount of reflux through gravity.

    Antacids

    Drug therapy to strengthen gastroesophageal sphincter tone may include a cholinergic agent such as bethanechol.  Metoclopramide has also been used to stimulate smooth muscle contraction, increase sphincter tone, and decrease reflux after eating.

    If above treatment fails to control symptoms, the patient may require surgical repair.  A paraesophageal hiatal hernia, even one that causes no symptoms, needs surgical treatment because of the high risk of strangulation.  Techniques vary greatly, but most create an artificial closing mechanism at the gastroesophageal junction to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter’s barrier function.  The surgeon may use an abdominal or a thoracic approach.

  • Hepatitis

    Hepatitis:  Inflammation of the liver.

    Nonviral hepatitis:  inflammation of the liver usually
    resulting from exposure to certain toxins or drugs.  In toxic hepatitis,
    liver damage (diffuse fatty infiltration of liver cells and necrosis) 
    usually occurs within 24 to 48 hours after exposure to toxic agents. 
    Alcohol, anoxia, and preexisting liver disease exacerbate the toxic effects
    of some of these agents.  Recovery from nonviral hepatitis for most
    patients is good, although a few develop fulminating hepatitis or cirrhosis.

    Cause:  Toxic hepatitis may result from exposure to various
    hepatotoxins, such as acetaminophen, carbon tetrachloride, poisonous mushrooms,
    or vinyl chloride.  Drug induced hepatitis may result from a hypersensitivity
    reaction unique to the affected patient such as, sulfonamides and, phenothiazines
    (cholestasis-induced hepatitis).

    Symptoms:

    Anorexia

    nausea and vomiting

    Jaundice

    Dark urine

    Hepatomegaly (enlarge liver)

    May have abdominal pain.

    With the cholestatic form, clay colored stools and pruritus may occur.

    Treatment:

    Effective treatment aims to remove the causative agent by lavage( the
    irrigation or washing out of an organ), catharsis (a cleansing or purgation),
    or hyperventilation, depending on the route of exposure.

    For gold or arsenic :  Dimercaprol is an antidote used for toxic
    hepatitis cause by these but does not prevent drug induced hepatitis caused
    by other substances.

    Corticosteroids may be ordered for patients with the drug induced type.

    Thioctic acid may be prescribed to alleviate mushroom poisoning.


    Viral Hepatitis


    Viral Hepatitis: 
    The viral form of hepatitis is an acute inflammation of the liver marked
    by liver cell destruction, necrosis, and autolysis ( spontaneous disintegration
    of cells or tissues by autologous enzymes ).  There are three types
    of viral hepatitis:  Type A (infectious or short incubation
    hepatitis), Type B (serum or long incubation hepatitis), and Type
    C
    (non-A, non-B) hepatitis.  Recently a hepatitis Type D virus
    has been identified.  However, this defective ribonucleic acid virus
    only expresses itself with active hepatitis B.

    Cause:  By hepatitis viruses

    Symptoms:

    Preicteric phase (preceding
    the appearance of jaundice-yellowing of the skin):  the patient may
    complain of fatigue, malaise, arthralgia (pain in a joint), myalgia (muscular
    pain), photophobia (abnormal visual intolerance to light), and headache.


    The patient may also experience nausea and vomiting,
    fever, liver and lymph node enlargement.  His sense of taste and smell
    may be alter.

    Icteric phase (jaundice-icterus stage) 
    this phase lasts 2 to 2 weeks.  The patient may experience mild
    weight loss, dark urine, clay colored stools, yellow sclera and skin, and
    continued hepatomegaly with tenderness.

    Convalescent Phase  lasts 2 to 12
    weeks or possibly longer.  The patient may continue to feel fatigue,
    have abdominal pain or tenderness, flatulence, and indigestion.

    Treatment:

    There is no specific treatment that exists for
    hepatitis.

    Rest and combat anorexia by eating small meals
    high in calories and protein for the early stages of this disease.

    Antiemetic may be prescribed for nausea and prevent
    vomiting.

    In severe hepatitis:  Corticosteroids may
    be prescribed.


    Understanding
    Types Of Hepatitis


     

    Hepatitis Type A:  (infectious)

    Age of incidence:  Children and young adults

    Seasonal Incidence:  Fall and Winter

    Transmission:  Food, water, semen, tears, stools, and possibly
    urine

    Incubation:  15 to 45 days

    Onset:   Sudden

     Serum markers: Antibody to type A hepatitis

    Prognosis:  Good

    Carrier state:  NO

    Hepatitis Type B:  (serum)

    Age incidence:  Can occur at any age

    Seasonal Incidence:  Anytime

    Transmission:  Serum, blood and blood products, and semen

    Incubation:  40 to 180 days

    Onset:  Insidious

    Serum markers:  Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis
    B antibodies

    Prognosis:   Worsens with age

    Carrier state:  Yes

    Hepatitis Type C (non-A, non-B)

    Age incidence:  Adults

    Seasonal Incidence:  Anytime

    Transmission:  Serum, blood and blood products, and possibly
    food

    Incubation:  15 to 160 days

    Onset:  Insidious

    Serum markers:  –

    Prognosis:   Moderate

    Carrier state:   Unknown