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  • Female Reproductive Disorders

     


    Premenstrual Syndrome:

    Premenstrual Syndrome:  Also called PMS  
    -The effects of this disorder ranges from minimal discomfort to severe,
    disruptive behavioral and somatic changes.  Symptoms usually appear
    7 to 14 days before menses and usually subside with its onset.

    Cause:  Direct cause unknown, PMS may result from a progesterone
    deficiency in the luteal phase ot the menstrual cycle or from an increased
    estrogen-progesterone ratio.  Approximately 10% of patients with PMS
    have elevated prolactin levels


    Symptoms:

    Behavioral changes:  Mild to severe personality changes

    Nervousness

    Hostility

    Irritability

    Agitation

    Sleep disturbance

    Fatigue

    Lethargy

    Depression

    Somatic changes :

    Breast tenderness or swelling

    Abdominal tenderness or bloating

    Joint pain

    Headache

    Edema

    Diarrhea or constipation

    Patient may also experience exacerbations of skin problems such as;
    ache – respiratory problems such as asthma, and neurologic problems such
    as seizures.


    Treatment:

    Treated symptomatically:  treatment may include;

    Antidepressants, NSAID’s (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs),

    Vitamins

    Tranquilizers

    Sedatives

    Progestins

    Treatment may require; a diet that is low in simple sugars, caffeine,
    and salt, with adequate amounts of protein, high amounts of complex carbohydrates,
    and possibly, vitamin supplements formulated for PMS

    There is also a self – help groups that exist for women with PMS check
    in your local area.

     

    Reverse and Eliminate Ovarian Cysts


    Ovarian Cysts

    Ovarian Cysts:  Usually, these cysts are
    nonneoplastic sacs that contain fluid or semisolid material.  Ovarian
    cysts are usually small and produce no symptoms, ovarian cysts should be
    thoroughly investigated as possible sites of malignant change.  Common
    types ;include follicular, cysts, which are usually very small, semitransparent,
    and fluid-filled; and lutein cysts, including corpus luteum cysts, which
    are functional, nonneoplastic enlargements of the ovaries; and theca-lutein
    cysts, which are commonly bilateral and filled with clear, straw-colored
    fluid.  Polycystic (or sclerocystic) ovary disease is part of the
    Stein-Leventhal syndrome.

    Ovarian cysts can develop any time between puberty and menopause, including
    during pregnancy.  Corpus luteum cysts occur infrequently, usually
    during early pregnancy.

    Cause: Follicular cysts arise from follicles that over
    distend instead of going through the atretic stage of the menstrual cycle. 
    Corpus luteum cysts are caused by excessive accumulation of blood during
    the hemorrhagic phase of the menstrual cycle.  Theca-lutein cysts
    are commonly associated with hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, or hormone
    therapy.  Polycystic ovary disease results from endocrine abnormalities.


    Symptoms:

    Usually small cysts produces no symptoms, unless torsion or rupture
    causes signs of acute abdomen.

    Low back pain

    Mild pelvic discomfort

    Dyspareunia ( difficult and or painful intercourse)

    Abnormal uterine bleeding

    Acute abdominal pain (similar to that of appendicitis) -in ovarian cysts
    with torsion

    In corpus luteum cysts appearing early in pregnancy, the patient may
    develop unilateral pelvic discomfort and (with rupture) massive intraperitoneal
    hemorrhage.

    In polycystic ovary disease, the patient may develop amenorrhea ( abnormal
    absence or stoppage of menses), Oligomenorrhea (abnormally infrequent menstruation),
    or infertility secondary to the disorder as well as bilaterally enlarged
    ovaries.


    Treatment:

    Follicular cysts usually don’t require treatment because they tend to
    disappear spontaneously within 60 days.  If they interfere with daily
    activities, Clomiphene citrate P.O. for 5 days or progesterone I.M. for
    5 days, reestablishes the ovarian hormonal cycle and induces ovulation.

    Oral contraceptives may also accelerate involution of functional cysts
    (including both types of lutein cysts and follicular cysts).

    Treatment for corpus luteum cysts that occur during pregnancy is symptomatic
    because these cysts diminish during the third trimester and rarely require
    surgery.

    Theca-lutein cysts disappear spontaneously after elimination of hydatidiform
    mole or choriocarcinoma, or discontinuation of HCG or clomiphene citrate
    therapy.

    Polycystic ovary disease treatment may include; drugs, such as clomiphene
    citrate to induce ovulation or if drug therapy fails to induce ovulation,
    surgical wedge resection of one-half to one-third of the ovary.

    Surgery may become necessary for both diagnosis and treatment. 
    For example, a cyst that remains after one menstrual period should be removed. 
    Pathologic studies confirm the diagnosis.

     


    Endometriosis

    Endometriosis:  Endometrial tissue appears outside
    the lining of the uterine cavity.  This ectopic tissue usually remains
    in the pelvic area, most commonly around the ovaries, uterovesical peritoneum,
    uterosacral ligaments, and the cul-de-sac, but it can appear anywhere in
    the body. Active endometriosis usually occurs between ages 30 and 40, more
    so in women who postpone child-bearing.  It is uncommon before age
    20.  Severe symptoms of endometriosis may occur abruptly ore develop
    slowly over many years.  Endometriosis usually becomes progressively
    severe during the menstrual years, and subsides after menopause. 
    Infertility is the primary complication.  Spontaneous abortion may
    also occur.

    Cause:  Direct cause is unknown, but familial susceptibility
    or recent surgery that required opening the uterus may predispose a woman
    to edometriosis.  Researcher shows the possible cause of endometriosis
    are:

    1.) trasportation—during menstruation, the fallopian tubes expel
    endometrial fragments that implant of the ovaries or pelvic peritoneum

    2.) formation in situ–inflammation or a hormonal change triggers metaplasia
    (differentiation of coelomic epithelium to endometrial epithelium)

    3.) induction–this is a combination  of transportation and formation
    in situ and is the most likely cause.  The endometrium chemically
    induces undifferentiated mesenchyma to form endometrial epithelium


    Symptoms:

    Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)–  Pain usually begins 5 to
    7 days before menses reaches its peak and last for 2 to 3 days.  It
    is less cramping and less concentrated in the abdominal midline than primary
    dysmenorrheal pain.

    Lower abdominal pain and in the vagina —

    Pain to posterior pelvis and back

    Multiple tender nodules on uterosacral ligaments or in the rectovaginal
    system.  They enlarge and become more tender during menses. 
    Ovarian enlargement may also be evident.

    Other symptoms depend on the location of the ectopic tissue:

    Ovaries and oviducts–infertility and profuse menses

    Ovaries or cul-de-sac–deep-thrust dyspareunia (painful intercourse)

    Bladder–suprapubic pain, dysuria (painful or difficulty urinating),
    hematuria (Presence of blood in the urine)

    Rectovaginal septum and colon–painful defecation, rectal bleeding with
    menses, pain in the coccyx or sacrum

    Small bowel and appendix–nausea and vomiting, which worsen before menses,
    and abdominal cramps

    Cervix, vagina, and perineum–bleeding from endometrial deposits in
    these areas during menses


    Diagnostic tests:  Laparoscopy  may confirm the diagnosis
    and determine the stage of the disease.  barium enema rules out malignant
    or inflammatory bowel disease.

    Treatment:

    Treatment varies according to the stage of the disease and t he patient’s
    age and the desire t have children.

    For young women who want to have children includes:  androgens,
    such as danazol, which produce a temporary remission in Stages I and II. 
    Oral contraceptives and progestins also relieve symptoms.

    Stage III and IV (when ovarian masses are present), they should be removed
    to rule out cancer.  The patient may undergo conservative surgery,
    but the treatment of choice for women who don’t want to bear children or
    who have extensive disease (StageIII and IV) is a total abdominal hysterectomy
    performed with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

     


    Uterine Leiomyomas/Myomas/Fibromyomas/Fibroids

    Uterine leiomyomas:  Known also as Myomas,
    Fibromyomas, and Fibroids, these neoplasms (tumor; any new and abnormal
    growth) art the most common benign tumors in women.  They usually
    occur in the uterine corpus, although they may appear on the cervix or
    on the round or broad ligament. Uterine Leiomyomas are usually multiple
    and usually occur in women over age 35; they affect blacks three times
    more often than whites.

    Cause:  The cause is unknown, but excessive levels of estrogen
    and human growth hormone (HGH) probably influence tumor formation by stimulating
    susceptible fibromuscular elements.  Large doses of estrogen and the
    later stages of pregnancy increase both tumor size and HGH levels. 
    When estrogen production decreases, uterine leiomyomas usually shrink or
    disappear (usually after menopause)


    Symptoms:

    Pain

    Submucosal hypermenorrhea (excessive menstrual bleeding, but occurring
    at regular intervals and being of usual duration)

    Possibly other forms of abnormal endometrial bleeding

    Dysmenorrhea (abnormally painful menses)

    If tumor is large, the patient may develop a feeling of heaviness in
    the abdomen;

    Increasing pain

    Intestinal obstruction

    Constipation

    Urinary frequency or urgency

    Irregular uterine enlargement


    Diagnostic tests:

    Blood studies/ anemia will support the diagnosis

    D&C (dilatation and curettage)

    Submucosal hysterosalpingoraphy – detects submucosal leiomyomas

    Laparoscopy – visualizes subserous leiomyomas on the uterine surface


    Treatment:

    Treatment of choice for women who desire to have children – A surgeon
    may remove small leiomyomas that have caused problems in the past or that
    appear likely to threaten a future pregnancy

    Tumors that twist or grow large enough to cause intestinal obstruction
    require a hysterectomy, with preservation of the ovaries if possible

    Pregnant patient:  If a patient uterus no larger than a 6 month
    normal uterus by the 16th week of pregnancy, the outcome for the pregnancy
    remains favorable, and surgery is usually unnecessary.  However if
    a pregnant woman has a leiomyomatous uterus the size of a 5 to 6 month
    normal uterus by the 9th week of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion will probably
    occur, especially with a cervical leiomyoma.  If surgery is necessary,
    a hysterectomy is usually performed 5 to 6 months after delivery (when
    involution is complete), with preservation of the ovaries if possible

    Appropriate intervention depends on the severity of symptoms, the size
    and location of the tumors, and the patient’s age, parity, pregnancy status,
    desire to have children, and general health.

    Call your doctor immediately if there is any abnormal bleeding or pelvic
    pain

     


    Menopause

    Menopause:  The mechanisms of menstruation
    cease to function.  Menopause results from a complex, long term syndrome
    of physiologic changes, the climacteric-cause by declining ovarian function.

    Cause:  Physiologic menopause, the normal decline
    in ovarian function caused by aging, begins in most women between ages
    40 and 50 and results in infrequent ovulation, decreased menstruation,
    and eventually, cessation of menstruation ( usually ages 45 – 55)

    Pathologic menopause (premature menopause), the gradual or abrupt
    cessation of menstruation before age 40, cause unknown, however certain
    disorders, especially severe infections and reproductive tract tumors,
    may cause pathologic menopause by seriously impairing ovarian function. 
    Other factors that may incur pathologic menopause include malnutrition,
    debilitation, extreme emotional stress, excessive radiation exposure, and
    surgical procedures that impair ovarian blood supply.

    Artificial menopause is the cessation of ovarian function following
    radiation therapy or surgical procedures.


    Symptoms:

    Declining ovarian function and decreased estrogen levels accompanying
    all forms of menopause produce various menstrual irregularities;

    Decrease in the amount and duration of menstrual flow

    Spotting

    Episodes of amenorrhea (absence or abnormal stoppage of menses) and
    polymenorrhea (abnormal frequent menstruation) (possible with hypermenorrhea)-excessive
    menstrual cycle

    These irregularities may last only a few months or may persist for several
    years before menstruation ceases permanently.

    Changes in the body’s systems usually don’t occur until after the permanent
    cessation of menstruation

    Reproductive system:  changes may include; shrinkage
    of vulval structures and loss of subcutaneous fat, possible leading to
    atrophic vulvitis; atrophy of vaginal mucosa and flattening of vaginal
    rugae, possibly causing bleeding after coitus or douching; vaginal itching
    and discharge from bacterial invasion; and loss of capillaries in the atrophying
    vaginal wall, causing the pink, rugose lining to become smooth and white. 
    Menopause may also produce excessive vaginal dryness and dyspareunia due
    to decreased lubrication from the vaginal walls, and decreased secretion
    from Bartholin’s glands; a reduction in the size of the ovaries and oviducts;
    and progressive pelvic relaxation as the supporting structures of the reproductive
    tract lose their tone from the absence of estrogen

    Urinary system:  Atrophic cystitis, resulting from
    the effects of decreased estrogen levels on bladder mucosa and related
    structures, may produce pus in the urine (pyuria), painful or difficulty
    urinating (dysuria), and urgency, and incontinence.  May have on occasion
    have blood in the urine (hematuria)

    Breasts:  Menopause may cause reduced breast size

    Integumentary system:  Estrogen deprivation may lead
    to loss of skin elasticity and turgor.  The patient may have slight
    alopecia (balding), and may experience loss of pubic and axillary hair.

    Autonomic nervous system:  Hot flashes and night
    sweats. Patient may experience vertigo, syncope, tachycardia, dyspnea,
    tinnitus, emotional disturbances such as irritability, nervousness, crying
    spells, and fits of anger.  Patients may also experience and exacerbation
    of preexisting neurotic disorders such as; depression, anxiety, and compulsive,
    manic, or schizoid behavior

    Vascular and musculoskeletal systems:  Menopause
    may also induce atherosclerosis and osteoporosis.

    Artificial menopause, without estrogen replacement, produces symptoms
    within 2 to 5 years in 96% of women.  Since menstruation in both pathologic
    and artificial menopause often ceases abruptly, severe vasomotor and emotional
    disturbances may result.

    Menstrual bleeding after 1 year of amenorrhea may indicate organic disease


    Treatment:

    Since physiologic menopause is a normal process, it may not require
    intervention.

    Atypical or adenomatous hyperplasia requires drug therapy

    Cystic endometrial hyperplasia doesn’t require treatment

    If osteoporosis occurs, calcium is given

    Estrogen therapy

    Women who take estrogen must be monitored regularly to detect possible
    cancer early.  If the uterus remains progestin is recommended in addition
    to estrogen.

     


    Female Infertility

    Female Infertility:  Infertility may be
    caused by any defect or malfunction of the hypothalamic – pituitary – ovarian
    axis, such as certain neurologic diseases.  Other possible cause include:

    Cervical factors, such as infection and possibly cervical
    antibodies that immobilize sperm

    Psychological problems

    Ovarian factors

    Tubal and peritoneal factors, such as tubal loss or impairment
    secondary to ectopic pregnancy

    Uterine abnormalities, such as; congenitally absent, double
    uterus; leiomyomas or Asherman’s syndrome, in which the anterior and posterior
    uterine walls adhere because of scar tissue formation

    Approximately 15% of all couples in the US cannot conceive after regular
    intercourse for at least 1 year without contraception.  45 to 50%
    of all infertility is attributed to the female.


    Symptoms:

    Diagnosis requires a complete examination and health history. 
    Questions includes patient’s reproductive and sexual function, past diseases,
    mental state, previous surgery, types of contraception used in the past,
    and family history


    Treatment:

    Intervention aims to correct the underlying abnormality or dysfunction
    within the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian complex.

    Hormone therapy may be necessary in hyperactivity ;or hypoactivity of
    the adrenal or thyroid gland

    Progesterone replacement for progesterone deficiency

    Anovulation requires treatment with clomiphene citrate

    If mucus production decreases (an adverse effect of clomiphene citrate),
    small doses of estrogen may be given concomitantly to improve the quality
    of cervical mucus

    Surgical restoration may correct certain anatomic causes of infertility,
    such as fallopian tube obstruction

    Artificial insemination has proven to be an effective alternative strategy
    for dealing with infertility problems

    In vitro (test tube) fertilization has also been successful

     


    Pelvic Inflammatory
    Disease

    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease:  Or PID
    –      recurrent, acute, subacute, or chronic infection of the oviducts
    and ovaries, with adjacent tissue involvement.  PID may refer to inflammation
    of the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, which can extend to
    the connective tissue lying between the broad ligaments (parmetritis). 
    Early diagnosis and treatment prevent damage to the reproductive system. 
    Complications of PID may include potentially fatal septicemia, pulmonary
    emboli, shock and infertility.  Untreated PID may be fatal.

    Symptoms:

    Clinical features vary with the affected area.

    They may include profuse, purulent vaginal discharge

    Low-grade fever

    Malaise

    Lower abdominal pain

    Three types of PID:

    Salpingo-oophoritis (fallopian tubes, and ovaries): 
    Acute:  sudden onset of lower abdominal and pelvic pain, usually after
    menses, increased vaginal discharge; fever; malaise; lower abdominal pressure
    and tenderness; tachycardia; pelvic peritonitis

    Chronic: recurring acute episodes

    Cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix):  Acute-
    purulent, foul-smelling vaginal discharge; vulvovaginitis, with itching
    or burning; red, edematous cervix; pelvic discomfort; sexual dysfunction;
    metrorrhagia; infertility; spontaneous abortion

    Chronic- cervical dystocia, laceration or eversion of the cervix, ulcerative
    vesicular lesion (when cervicitis results from herpes simplex virus type
    II)

    Endometritis (inflammation of the uterus):  Acute-
    mucoopurulent or purulent vaginal discharge oozing from cervix; edematous,
    hyperemic endometrium, possible leading to ulceration and necrosis; lower
    abdominal pain and tenderness; fever; rebound pain; abdominal muscle spasm;
    thrombophlebitis of uterine and pelvic vessels

    Chronic- recurring acute episodes (more common from multiple sexual
    partners and sexually transmitted infections)


    Cause: PID can result from infection with aerobic or anaerobic
    organisms.

    Risk factors: Any sexually transmitted infection

    More than one sex partner

    Conditions or procedures, such as cauterization of the cervix, that alter
    or destroy cervical mucus, allowing bacteria to ascend into the uterine
    cavity

    Any procedure that risks transfer of contaminated cervical mucus into the
    endometrial cavity by instrumentation such as use of a biopsy curet

    Infection during or after pregnancy

    Infectious foci within the body, such as drainage from a chronically infected
    fallopian tube


    Treatment:

    Effective management eradicates the infection, relieves symptoms, and
    avoids damaging the reproductive system.

    Aggressive therapy with multiple antibiotics begins immediately after
    culture specimens are obtained.

    Infection may become chronic if treated inadequately

    Supplemental treatment of PID may include bed rest, analgesics, and
    I.V. therapy

    Narcotics may be needed, NSAID’s are preferred for pain relief.

    Development of a pelvic abscess requires adequate drainage.  A
    ruptured pelvic abscess is a life-threatening condition.  If this
    complication develops, the patient may need a total abdominal hysterectomy,
    with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

     


    Vaginismus

      See Vaginal problems for more information

      Vaginismus:  Painful spasm of the vagina.
    CLICK

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  • Bad Plastic Surgery

    An improper plastic surgery is generally referred to as bad plastic
    surgery. This generally happens due to errors and slip-ups during the
    surgical procedure.

    Bad plastic surgery may occur because
    of a wrong decision taken either by the patient or by the doctor before
    the surgery is done. It is much easier to conceal a bad plastic surgery
    in other parts of the body than on the face.

    The
    consequences of improper plastic surgery are dangerous. In the case of
    a bad facial surgery, say, the patient gradually loses the mobility of
    the facial features and tends to suffer from lack of sensation due to
    the damage caused to nerves. An awful plastic surgery can even lead to
    excessive scarring, deformation and in some cases it can even cause
    paralysis.

    A deformed plastic surgery can even lead to
    psychological and emotional stress. The patients start suffering from a
    sort of inferiority complex, which eventually leads to lack of
    confidence and poor conviction on the part of the individual.

    In
    case of a bad plastic surgery, the error can effectively be rectified
    by a second restorative surgery. However, it is essential for you to
    know that a surgeon can only think of a re-surgery or correction in
    case there are enough tissues left.

    Some Sure-Shot Tips To Evade Bad Plastic Surgery

    The
    doctor you are to choose for the purpose should be an American Board of
    Plastic Surgery certified surgeon. This is to make sure that the person
    has specialized skills in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. You
    should even ask for pictures and other testimonials to have a clear
    conception of the surgeon’s efficacy in the case.

    Verification
    of your doctor’s specialization in the procedure is essential. A doctor
    who can implant a breast may not be able to do a nose job (rhinoplasty)
    with the same efficacy.

    In order to avoid bad surgery, you
    should first assess you intentions – being very reasonable/practical in
    your expectations. There is no point in exercising your imagination in
    this case; so, go for a surgical-correction, which is achievable.

    To make your surgery a success, you have to stay mentally and emotionally fit.

    Stop smoking – because if you are a chain smoker it can lead to several complications leading to bad plastic surgery.

    Going
    for a plastic surgery is not like going to the beauty parlor. Here you
    have to be more careful and sure. Thus, it is best if you consult more
    than one surgeon to make the work done in a better way.

    A cheap plastic surgery can result in a bad plastic surgery. Therefore, it is not always wise for you to go by the cost.

    Remember, it is only your wise decision that can save you all the complications arising from a bad plastic surgery.

  • Celebrity Plastic Surgery

    Desperate to look more stunning and be in the limelight, the
    starlets (as well as other celebrities) are seeking the help of
    so-called ‘celebrity plastic surgery’. This is a very common practice
    amongst famous film stars who would go to any extent to retain their
    public-image and rule the hearts of the crazy fans.

    Celebrities
    go for different types of plastic and cosmetic surgeries, which they
    feel, are unavoidable to meet their physical shortcomings. In most
    cases, the surgeries have many pros and cons; in spite of all these,
    the celebrities choose to undergo the treatments. Sometimes the chances
    are very bleak and the celebrity plastic surgery can go completely
    awry, leaving the star in a very compromising situation for the rest of
    his/her life. Despite this fact, celebrity plastic surgery has gained
    significant popularity.

    Celebrity Plastic Surgery – A Makeover For The Starlets

    The following list shows the names of the celebrities and the surgeries they have had:

    Paris Hilton got an eyelid surgery

    Paris
    Hilton, the most famous heir to the ‘Hilton Group Chain of Hotels’,
    underwent an eye-lid surgery. This is a very common celebrity plastic
    surgery. To correct her drooping left eye, she contacted a Beverly Hill
    Plastic surgeon.

    Nevertheless, unfortunately, her endeavor
    did not bear fruits and her left eye met with further damages. Had the
    surgery gone right, then she could have had two symmetrical beautiful
    eyes. Nonetheless, many starlets from the film circuit are opting for
    eyelid surgery to become the possessor of a pair of beautiful eyes.

    Melanie Griffith had a facial surgery

    Melanie
    Griffith had a very pretty face; but when she married the love of her
    life, Antonio Banderas, she altered her pretty face to impress her
    husband.

    Jennifer Anniston and Renee Zellweger went for breast implants

    There
    is quite a controversy over the topic, if Jennifer Anniston or Renee
    Zelwegger got a breast augmentation or not. Whether they got breast
    implants or not, it is sure that most of the female celebrities opt for
    this particular surgery for most of them are proud of their assets and
    flaunt them with utmost pride.

    Meryl Streep got a face lift

    Face-lift
    is a very common celebrity plastic surgery. Most of the stars are
    desperate to get rid of their wrinkles and posses a flawless skin.
    Meryl Streep is one such actor, who went for a face-lift and a neck
    lift. She now looks stunning in her flawless facial skin.

    Angelina Jolie’s Nose surgery

    Nose
    surgery is also a very common celebrity plastic surgery. Angelina
    gained a stunning nose, which now looks perfectly shaped and sized.
    There are many celebrities, who do not have a perfectly chiseled nose
    and therefore they go for a nose surgery to correct the flaws.

    The
    above few cases show that most of the stars go for plastic surgeries to
    correct their flaws and enhance their beauties. No doubt, celebrity
    plastic surgery is one of the most talked-about topics these days.

  • Eye LASIK Surgery

    For people who are nearsighted but are otherwise healthy in the eye
    LASIK surgery is a rather painless, safe, and quick procedure which
    will most likely bring dramatic improvements to visual acuity. It may
    even become possible to throw away tiresome glasses and bothersome
    contact lenses and see quite clearly without them.

    For
    patients with other visual problems of the eye LASIK surgery may not be
    the solution. The overall shape of the eye determines visual acuity and
    this surgical procedure works in such a way as to correct the elongated
    eyeball that causes nearsightedness (myopia).

    Patients who
    are farsighted, have astigmatism, or have visual problems associated
    with the aging process may not be successful candidates for this
    surgical procedure. In patients who experience farsightedness or
    accurate vision in one eye and nearsightedness in the other eye LASIK
    surgery may bring balance to vision and eliminate the need for
    corrective lenses.

    The surgery takes about 15 minutes, only
    eye drops are needed to numb the eye during surgery, and the patient
    remains awake and alert throughout. There are no stitches to heal, no
    wound or bleeding to treat, and recovery is quick with results almost
    immediately seen. Complete recovery, with stabilized vision, may take
    as long as six months.

    Nevertheless, there are risks and less than desirable long-term effects associated with this procedure.

    The
    possibility of corneal infection is always a possibility as is scarring
    that may leave a blurred spot in the vision. Scarring may also
    eliminate the option of wearing contact lenses if the surgery doesn’t
    achieve 20/20 vision once recovery is complete.

    For
    middle-aged patients who need reading glasses to correct the problems
    associated with the aging of the eye LASIK surgery is likely to improve
    any nearsightedness but the need for reading glasses will most likely
    remain. Younger patients may gain freedom from corrective lenses but
    may likely require reading glasses once they reach their mid-40s.

    Many
    patients report problems with night driving, glare, and haloes around
    lighted objects. In some cases, these issues clear up over time but
    others experience them on a permanent basis.

    Dryness and
    scratchiness, sensitivity to light, and permanent vision loss are also
    problems also associated with this surgical procedure.

    Med-Help is for informational purposes and should not be considered medical advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendations.

  • Hair Transplant Surgery

    Is Your Hair Thin? Are You Bald/Balding?
    Learn How to Naturally REGROW Lost Hair

    Hair transplant surgery is an attractive option for many men faced
    with male pattern baldness, which affects more than half the men in the
    United States over the age of 50. There are several medicinal options
    to stimulate hair growth but these treatments don’t always produce the
    desired results, side effects can be unpleasant, and the revitalized
    hair growth lasts only as long as the patient is taking the medicine.

    Men
    most often lose hair on the top of their heads and along the forehead.
    Hair on the sides and in the back of their heads usually remains
    vigorously growing throughout the man’s life. The hair growing
    abundantly is genetically programmed to do so and retains that genetic
    programming even if it is moved to another spot on the head.

    Hair
    transplant surgery “borrows” some of that vigorously growing hair from
    the sides and the back of the head and transplants it onto the top of
    the head where the hairline has receded or is thinning.

    One
    very natural-looking type of hair transplant surgery is known as
    follicular unit transplantation. Strands of hair naturally emerge from
    the hair follicle in groups of one to four strands per follicle. These
    follicular units can be plucked from the donor areas and grafted in
    natural-looking patterns in the transplant area, where it will continue
    to grow for a lifetime.

    In other versions of hair transplant
    surgery, larger plugs of scalp are taken from the donor areas and are
    grafted as needed. This method of transplant can be highly successful
    but the final effect isn’t as natural looking as is the follicular unit
    transplant.

    Still another option for hair transplant surgery
    is called a scalp reduction. In this procedure, the part of the scalp
    that has become bald is surgically removed. The skin sporting healthy
    hair growth from around the excision is then pulled together and
    sutured closed. Once the surgical wound has healed, hair can be styled
    to hide any remaining scars.

    Med-Help is for informational purposes and should not be considered medical advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendations.

  • Plastic Surgery Gone Wrong

    Plastic surgery gone wrong is an unfortunate case for some, but it
    can often be rectified. Plastic surgery helps in the alteration and
    rejuvenation of the body as well as facial features. There are chances
    of a plastic surgery not going right and this implies a bad plastic
    surgery.

    You must have heard about a certain plastic surgery
    gone wrong, now how do you suppose it occurs? Well, some errors in the
    surgical processes are responsible for a bad plastic surgery. Anyone
    can tell a facial plastic surgery that has gone wrong, because it shows
    clearly. If a facelift has gone bad, then it shows through the tight
    and asymmetrical facial muscles of the person who underwent the
    surgical operation. A bad facial surgery gets all the more complicated
    when the sensation is damaged because they affect the nerves.

    The Correction

    A
    plastic surgery gone wrong? There is no need to worry, as it can be
    corrected. The problem needs to be reworked by another plastic surgery.
    Of course, a bad plastic surgery can be corrected only if there is
    ample tissue left for doing so. However, in cases where the problem has
    got serious, such as in the case of a bad rhinoplasty, it is quite
    impossible to rectify. A plastic surgery gone wrong in the face is far
    more difficult to amend than a plastic surgery gone wrong in a part of
    the body and one must know this fact.

    The Seriousness Of A Bad Surgery

    A
    plastic surgery gone wrong can have effects like deformation, acute
    scarring and even lead to paralysis in some cases. Not only physical
    damages, a bad surgery also accounts for the emotional stress that a
    patient experiences.

    Bad plastic surgeries have even proved
    to be fatal for some unfortunate people and the side effects, at times,
    have proved quite deadly. The slippage and hardening of the implants in
    breasts, chin, cheeks and butt lead to very painful experiences for the
    patients.

    The serious repercussions of a bad surgery might
    bring about should not deter you from opting for a plastic surgery.
    There are rare cases of a plastic surgery going wrong in comparison to
    the many successful plastic surgeries that take place everyday all over
    the world.

    When going for a plastic surgery, just make sure
    you are realistic in your expectations and do not want something that
    is unattainable. Get your physical as well as emotional health examined
    by your doctor. Be confident and positive on your part, hoping for the
    best. Most importantly, inquire into the surgeon’s background –
    credentials, experience, and success – prior to undergoing the plastic
    surgery.

  • Vaginal Plastic Surgeries

    Vaginal plastic surgeries commonly known as ‘labiaplasty’ in the
    medical world, is an independent decision that a woman takes. This
    cosmetic surgery is performed by plastic surgeons, gynecologists and
    urogynecologists. The vaginal plastic surgery helps many women gain
    their self-esteem, by being able to enjoy the thrill of having sex
    better.

    When a woman has negligible sexual desires and
    vaginal discomfort, it goes on to puncture her self-esteem; as a
    solution, the woman opts for the vaginal plastic surgeries to
    rejuvenate her love life that was about to crumple.

    All About The Vaginal Plastic Surgeries

    It
    is true that a vaginal plastic surgery can change the way you look at
    your love life presently, but never take a decision in haste. Always
    consult a gynecologist or a plastic surgeon before you go for the
    plastic surgery.

    The entire process of the surgery requires
    a total time of about 60 minutes to 120 minutes. The surgery is made to
    correct the structural defects of the vagina as well as keeping in mind
    the aesthetic considerations.

    The surgeries are conducted
    under local anesthesia. The women who undergo these surgeries go
    through a bit of discomfort as well as swelling in the vaginal area,
    but the problem does not persist after one or two weeks. To completely
    recover after the surgery, the time taken by the patients range from
    three days to one week or even two weeks.

    The Different Vaginal Plastic Surgeries

    Vaginal
    plastic surgeries are done by tightening the vagina (vaginoplasty),
    reconstructing the ruptured hymen to the virgin state (hymenoplasty)
    and by reducing and beautifying the labia.

    Neovaginoplasty is
    a surgical operation that is used for the construction or the
    reconstruction of a woman’s vaginal canal and mucous membrane. This
    surgery has also benefited transwomen. However, this plastic surgery
    permits sexual intercourse, with the sheer absence of the sensation.

    Vaginoplasty
    uses the autologous biological tissues from various parts of the
    patient’s body, such as the skin flaps, oral mucosa, vaginal labia,
    skin grafts, testicular skin, penile skin, intestinal mucosa, and other
    parts.

    Women today are opting for vaginal plastic surgeries
    to have greater sensation during sex and to be able to satisfy their
    partners better sexually. There are some post-surgical measures that
    one must abide by (like refraining from sexual intercourse for a
    minimum period of three months) in order to avoid any complications. If
    all goes well, the patient will be able to lead a better life, exciting
    and honorable.

  • Awful Plastic Surgery

    A plastic surgery is performed chiefly to rectify a physical flaw
    but it becomes an awful plastic surgery when instead an imperfection
    results from a mistake in the surgical procedure. The number of
    cosmetic / plastic surgical procedures performed every year is on the
    rise and so is the number of surgeries gone awry.

    An awful
    plastic surgery usually results when either the patient or the
    practitioner makes a mistake in taking a decision. You can easily
    identify a bad plastic surgery because it appears clear on the face and
    on other parts of the body. A bad plastic surgery not only looks ugly,
    it can also be equally problematic, especially if nerves or other vital
    organs are affected by the surgery. In complicated cases, an awful
    plastic surgery may lead to scarring, deformation and even paralysis.
    The scarring caused, can even mar self-confidence and be a cause of
    deep distress.

    A plastic surgeon takes the help of a second
    restorative surgery to cure a condition of awful plastic surgery.
    Nevertheless, remember, a re-surgery is only possible when you have
    enough tissues left on the face.

    A plastic surgery is a
    hazardous procedure and it can give way to several detrimental symptoms
    like anesthetic infections, medicinal reactions, blood clots and
    trouble in breathing. Therefore, it is necessary that you stay
    absolutely careful and cautious before going for a plastic surgery. It
    is not something like visiting a beauty salon.

    Not all
    cosmetic surgeons can perform plastic surgery. For this, the physician
    needs to have special skill and aptitude. The surgeon who is to carry
    out the surgery should possess a certificate of the American Board of
    Plastic Surgery. It is best for you to go through pictures and
    testimonials, which prove how efficiently the surgeon can handle a
    case. This is to ensure that the person has special skill in
    reconstructive and cosmetic surgery.

    Do not always run
    after a cheap plastic surgery because this may result in an awful
    plastic surgery. If you want the surgery to be done more systematically
    then you can consult more than one physician if necessary.

    Above
    all, you yourself should have a clear conception. Nurture no inflated
    expectations as no amount of plastic surgery can change your inborn
    features. So, look before you leap and check your doctor’s medical
    records to have an idea of his past successes in this particular field.
    This is the surest way to evade the risks of an awful plastic surgery.

  • LASIK Eye Surgery

    Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis is commonly called LASIK eye
    surgery. It is an outpatient surgical procedure most often performed to
    correct myopia (nearsightedness). About 70% of all patients undergoing
    this procedure enjoy 20/20 vision after recovery. Most of the rest of
    the patients experience dramatic improvements in vision although a
    small percentage of patients still need corrective lenses in certain
    situations.

    LASIK eye surgery is an incredibly quick, safe
    procedure performed while the patient is awake. In most cases, eye
    drops that numb the surface of the eye is the only anesthesia
    necessary. Some patients have both eyes done in one session but others
    do one eye at a time.

    Visual acuity changes as we mature and
    generally stabilizes once we reach our twenties. For this reason, LASIK
    eye surgery is rarely performed on anyone younger than 18 and some
    surgeons advise waiting until the late 20s to be sure the vision has
    become as stabilized as possible.

    Regardless of age, women
    who are pregnant or nursing may experience a change in the refraction
    of their eyes and should postpone surgery until the vision has
    stabilized after childbirth.

    While most people are likely
    candidates for LASIK eye surgery, certain pre-existing medical
    conditions may preclude the procedure. Patients diagnosed with
    glaucoma, herpes infections affecting the eyes, cataracts, lupus,
    rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes may be advised to avoid this
    procedure.

    To determine the degree of success expected from
    LASIK eye surgery, your surgeon will thoroughly examine your eyes to
    determine exactly where and to what degree the surgery needs to be
    done. Microscopic measurements will be taken before and during the
    surgery to assure accuracy. Even with this meticulous examination,
    however, there is still the likelihood that an overcorrection of
    undercorrection of the vision may be achieved.

    In such cases,
    additional surgery may be in order and glasses are always an option.
    Some patients cannot wear contact lenses after surgery due to corneal
    scarring that is inherent with the procedure. Others will continue to
    require reading glasses or will grow to need them in middle age.

    Med-Help is for informational purposes and should not be considered medical advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendations.

  • Fast Weight Loss

    Learn how you can prevent excessive sweating and stop the embarrassment!

    The significance of fast weight loss programs is increasing rapidly because the problem of obesity is making most people go out of their senses. However, the word ‘fast’ does not mean anything magical. It is no doubt a gradual procedure. If you desire to lose ½ to 1 pound each week, you can at best rely on three principal strategies.

    Burn the Fat: – Fat burning secrets of the world’s best bodybuilders and fitness models.

    The first weight loss strategy is a weight loss diet. When you search the Internet, you are sure to know about a lots of diet plans, but it is always best if a doctor recommends a diet plan for you. Here you can have a discussion with your medical practitioner who takes into account your health status and other related issues before coming to a definite conclusion and prescribing you a suitable diet chart.

    Weight loss pills and supplements are also an integral part of fast weight loss programs. However, if medicines and supplements are taken without proper information and knowledge the consequences can indeed be dangerous.

    The last plan of action for a fast weight loss is an increased level of physiological exercise. Exercise not only helps you reduce a significant amount of body fat but it is also responsible for your overall health and fitness. Whenever you are looking for a safe weight loss program, the word “exercise” just clicks in your mind. However, exercise is not going to produce results overnight. It breaks your fat gradually and systematically.

    Some Basic Steps To Follow For Fast Weight Loss

    Sufficient intake of water, say about eight glasses of water each day, is essential for fast weight loss as this improves metabolism.

    For fast weight loss, you should considerably reduce the amount of calorie you take each day. Calorie intake should not exceed the five hundred mark in a single day.

    A combination of daily exercises with proper diet brings about a successful reduction in weight. If you walk for at least thirty to forty five minutes, say for at least three to five times every week, you will surely notice considerable difference in weight.

    With diets like south beach diet and microbiotic diet along with some suitable appetite suppressors like Hoodia Gordoni, you can indeed initiate a fast weight loss program.

    Today a variety of rapid weight loss diet plans are available, most of which do not work well for all. Thus, you should stay careful in selecting a suitable fast weight loss diet program. If you have your basics right then nothing can stop you from losing your weight quickly and systematically.

    Nevertheless, do not want anything to happen immediately. Anything too much and too fast is sure to be injurious for your health. According to health and medical professionals a weight loss of one to two pounds each week is best and the most relevant.